Middle+Ages+Artifacts


 * [[image:Barbarossa.jpg]] || [[image:stain_glass_window.jpg]] || [[image:Hundred_years_war.jpg]] ||
 * This sculpter was made around 1155 to 1171. It is Frederick I also known as Barbarossa represents how he died before he got to the Holy Lands and his army went home instead of fighting in his honor. He was the Holy Roman Emperor who spent many decades in the 12th century battling the authority of the papacy in the German Lands.The defeat of the Second Crusade represented a significant victory for the Muslims. Encouraged by that success, Muslim military leaders continued to attack the Crusader States. One of them, a brilliant general known as Saladin, destroyed the army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187 and gained control of most of its territory. Of the original leaders, Richard alone remained to battle Saladin and other Muslims until 1192. A powerful knight and legendary leader, Richard regained much of the Mediterranean coast for the Europeans, although Jerusalem remained in the hands of the Muslims. || To get these stained glass windows they had to get a type of pillar called flying buttresses.These made it possible to have these windows.Over the next 200 years, Christians launched other crusades, not only against the Muslims in the Holy Land but also against Egypt, the Muslims in Spain, and Christian heretics. Crusades continued all the way into the 1400s, but all those directed against the Holy Land were unsuccessful. By 1291, all the territories that had been won by the first crusaders had fallen under Muslim control. The crusade against the Muslims of Spain was called the Reconquista, led by Isabella during her rein. || The battles of Crécy and Poitiers were won in large part because of the power and effectiveness of the English longbowmen. In those battles, the mounted knight, dominant for centuries, met his match in the peasant-turned paid soldier. The French nobility gloried in chivalry, in battles between equals, and thus gave little thought to simple bowmen. England's nobles were no less chivalrous, but made good use of the common soldier as well. Moreover, smart alliances, the able Queen Philippa of Hainaut at home, and the growing sophistication of the English Parliament, all helped strengthen the English in France.Although England had achieved several successes on the battlefield, warfare was a costly enterprise for both sides. In 1360, the two adversaries signed the Treaty of Brétigny, giving the English dominion over Aquitaine in exchange for Edward giving up his claim to the French throne. ||